Principles of Forging

 

Principles of Forging

Principles of Forging: Identifying Forging Temperatures by Observing Workpiece Color


Heating the workpiece is a preliminary step in the forging process during forging production. The purpose of heating is to improve the plasticity of the forging blank and reduce deformation resistance, thereby enhancing its forging properties. Generally, as temperature increases, the strength of metallic materials decreases, plasticity increases, and deformation resistance diminishes. With smaller deformation forces, the shape of the workpiece can be stably altered without fracturing. Thus, the initial forging temperature and final forging temperature are particularly critical in production.


The highest allowable heating temperature for a workpiece during forging is termed the initial forging temperature of the material. If the heating temperature exceeds the initial forging temperature, forging quality will degrade, potentially leading to scrap. The temperature at which forging must cease for different materials is called the final forging temperature. If forging continues below the final forging temperature due to poor plasticity and high deformation resistance, not only will further deformation become difficult, but cracks may also form. In such cases, forging must be halted immediately, and the workpiece reheated.


The initial and final forging temperatures vary for different metallic materials based on their chemical compositions.


Temperature Estimation for Carbon Steel Forgings


Changes in the temperature of carbon steel during heating and forging can be roughly determined by observing the color of its "fire scale" (i.e., the color of the heated steel). The relationship between heating temperature and fire scale color for carbon steel is as follows:


Temperature (°C)     Fire Scale Color

        1300                          White

       1200                       Bright Yellow

       1100                          Yellow

       900                         Cherry Red

       800                          Bright Red

      700                          Dark Red

Below 600                         Black

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